What Are the Benefits of Ginseng?
The Benefits of Ginseng
Ginseng, in fact, is one of the eleven species of slow-growing perennial plants with fleshy roots, that is part of the Panax family of the Araliaceae. Ginseng can only be found in certain parts of the world such as the Northern Hemisphere, in North America and in Eastern Asia (mostly Korea, Northern China (Manchuria), and Eastern Siberia) in cool climates.
The only known Ginseng that grows in the a little bit warmer climate is the species known as Panax vietnamensis. It was originally discovered in the forests of Vietnam.
The word Ginseng comes from the Chinese term Rén meaning “man” and shen meaning a kind of herb. It also describes the way the plant looks which is fork like and looks like the shape of a man.
Ginseng Type 2 Diabetes
Ginseng As a Natural Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes
Ginseng roots are usually taken orally as adaptogens, aphrodisiacs, nourishing stimulants, and has been used in the treatment of type II diabetes, as well as for sexual dysfunction in men.
The benefits of Ginseng for type II diabetes is well known and has become increasing important in giving hope to patients with type II diabetes. Several studies have found that American Ginseng can lower blood sugar levels in patients diagnosed with type II diabetes.
The effect was found both on fasting blood sugar and on postprandial (after eating) glucose levels. One study found that people with type II diabetes who took American ginseng before or together with a high sugar drink, experienced less of an increase in blood sugar levels.
Another study using lab mice found that the American Ginseng berry was more effective at lowering blood sugar levels than the root. Lots of American products such as soft drinks, advertise the use of Ginseng and the benefits of Ginseng on their labels.
But as with any findings, more research is needed before there are any definite conclusions about the benefits of Ginseng in diabetes patients.
Benefits of Ginseng for Hair Growth
The ginseng benefits for hair growth is an exciting part of the research being done using this well-known herb. In Osaka, Japan, there was a study that suggested that the Ginsenoside Ro carbohydrate was shown to help fight androgenetic alopecia, commonly known as balding, in men. It is thought that this could have widespread cosmetic implications and lead to future drug development for the prevention and regrowth of hair in men with natural herbal ginseng remedies.
Benefits of Ginseng on Skin
Drinking ginseng tea is good for refining and rehydrating the skin effectively. It is also thought to promote skin cell regeneration by increasing oxygenation to skin cells. It also has the effect of boosting blood circulation as well as detoxifying the blood, which is very important to human skin health. Free of toxins, the skin can gain a better complexion and therefore better look.
Ginseng Benefits Weight Loss
Ginseng does many things to help human health, but many people do not realize that ginseng is good for weight loss. It gives an energy boost and can help fight fatigue. Because of this, it allows the person to be more active. One of the big things that it does in the weight loss battle is by regulating blood sugar. It does this by reducing the amount of carbohydrate that is converted into fat. Also, it is important to point out that ginseng alone will not help lose weight if the person engages in poor dietary choices. It is vital that a well-balanced diet is followed and that the person is active. Otherwise, as the old English proverb says, don’t dig your grave with your own knife and fork.
One more note, we don’t recommend that you take dieting to excesses. The dangers of bulimia and anorexia are very real for many people, men, and women, in today’s diet crazed world that values of looking thin. Looking thin and being healthy is wonderful, however, everything needs to be done in moderation. Think of the health benefits of being a normal weight, don’t focus on your body’s physical appearance. Most of all… Be healthy, and the rest will fall into place.
Hopefully, you will see that ginseng can be a key cog in helping weight loss happen naturally. Just don’t get wrapped up in it. Be happy and healthy and remember the funny line by humor columnist Dave Barry, when he said: “The leading cause of death among fashion models is falling through street grates.” So true, Barry. So true
Women’s Health – What Are The Ginseng Benefits for Women?
Ginseng, in medical herbalism, as a medical herb is commonly used in treating women’s health issues like abnormal menstruation and strong PMS symptoms.
Women in perimenopause often look to solutions for producing more estrogen with ginseng. It is, quite famously, thought that this stimulation of estrogen in the female ovaries causes a boost in libido in women. Of course, women like men, often like it because it can be useful in weight loss.
Cancer Patients Often Look to Ginseng For Help
Another benefit of Ginseng has shown in some studies indicate that it can inhibit tumor growth. In one laboratory study on colorectal cancer cells, researchers found that American ginseng possessed powerful anti-cancer properties.
Sexual Benefits of Ginseng – What Are The Ginseng Benefits Sexually?
Another health benefit of Ginseng is for sexual dysfunction in men. In one study that was done in Korea which evaluated the benefits of ginseng for men in regards to erectile dysfunction, and showed that 60 percent of men who took Ginseng said that they were able to achieve an erection with much greater ease than without it. The other group of men who received only a placebo reported 30 percent of them indicated that they noticed an improvement in their ability to achieve erections.
This study also showed that things such as the firmness of erections, and overall thickness of the erection were also improved. Nearly two-thirds of the men in this study said they had seen improvements with their erection and quality of sex after taking Ginseng. This is largely due to the increase in the production of nitric oxide within the body, and there are studies that prove that nitric oxide production is increased, too.
As mentioned before, the health benefits of Ginseng in diabetes patients have been significant; it’s also been beneficial for those with type II diabetes who have sexual issues as well.
Another study done on rats that had diabetes showed that the sick rats who suffer from diabetes had lower levels of antioxidants which meant they were more likely to have erectile dysfunction. In this case study, however, the diabetic rats were given Ginseng, and the results were very pleasing to the scientist. The antioxidant levels that were typically lower had greatly increased, and as a result, their ability to achieve erections had greatly increased.
It is important to note that this was a study on animals, but the fact is that the results correspond with those results found in human studies too. This cased also showed that the libido in the rats was increased dramatically and this has also been demonstrated in studies conducted on humans too.
How Do Most People Use Ginseng To Benefit Their Health?
It is very common for people to wonder how to best prepare and consume ginseng. Most people love to drink ginseng tea, however, it can also be consumed by other means such as in powdered form through capsules, root extracts, & honeyed root for direct consumption but tea is probably the most popular. The benefits of ginseng tea are many, and shouldn’t be overlooked. It helps get the ginseng into the bloodstream faster as it is absorbed by the stomach lining.
The benefits of Ginseng far outweigh most of the negative side effects
Most people don’t realize that ginseng is not only a herbal supplement, but it is also used in Asian cuisine. In Korea, ginseng is very commonly used in local cooking. In fact, it is used in many of the soups there and, of course. You will find that a pile of chopped ginseng is often thrown in chicken soup and simmered for hours. This softens the root and makes it more palatable for most people. However, as raw food, many folks in Asia like to chew the root in its raw form too, but it is not as common. It is a very flexible plant used in everyday Asian life. The benefits of ginseng root usage in cooking is the added fiber to your diet.
Ginseng tea is a very popular method of consuming ginseng. It is most common to make ginseng tea from whole roots, although it is often sliced into root slivers as well and placed in teabags.
Ginkgo Biloba: Ginkgo biloba has been traced back nearly 300 million years making it the oldest surviving tree species on earth. Ginkgo extract has proven benefits to elderly persons. This ancient herb acts to enhance oxygen utilization and thus improves memory, concentration, and other mental faculties. The herbal extract has also been shown to significantly improve long-distance vision and may reverse damage to the retina of the eye. Studies have also confirmed its value in the treatment of depression in elderly persons. The ginkgo extract may provide relief for persons with headache, sinusitis, and vertigo.
It is very effective in improving the blood flow to the hands and the feet as well as stimulating the brain and reducing short-term memory loss. It increases blood flow to the brain, the uptake of glucose by brain cells, and has been said to improve the transmission of nerve signals. Ginkgo biloba is a powerful antioxidant and is well known for its powerful action to enhance circulation, even to the smallest of body parts and used to treat depression headaches, memory loss, boosting short-term memory, vertigo, tinnitus, leg cramps, asthma, eczema, heart and kidney disorders, impotence, penile dysfunction and male infertility.
Green Tea Extract:
Green tea is made from the leaves from Camellia sinensis that have undergone minimal oxidation during processing. Green tea originates in China, but it has become associated with many cultures throughout Asia.
Green tea apparently helps regulate glucose levels slowing the rise of blood sugar after eating. This can prevent high insulin spikes and resulting fat storage. green tea works on the lining of blood vessels, helping keep them stay relaxed and better able to withstand changes in blood pressure. It may also protect against the formation of clots, which are the primary cause of heart attacks. It also reduce the risk of esophageal cancer, but it is also widely thought to kill cancer cells in general without damaging the healthy tissue around them and reduces bad cholesterol in the blood and improves the ratio of good cholesterol to bad cholesterol.
Garlic Powder:
Garlic is being used in the Indian culinary since hundreds of years as a condiment. It helps in absorption and digestion of food. Garlic is rich in antioxidants, which help destroy free radicals — particles that can damage cell membranes and DNA, and may contribute to the aging process as well as the development of a number of conditions, including heart disease and cancer. Antioxidants neutralize free radicals and may reduce or even help prevent some of the damage they cause over time.
Glutamine and glutamic acid
The amino acids glutamine and glutamic acid are closely related in a chemical sense. The human body is able to produce L-glutamine itself, from L-glutamic acid through the glutamate ammonium ligase. Considering the numerous metabolic processes glutamine is a part of, it is not surprising that it is the amino acid with the highest concentration in blood plasma, musculature and cerebral and spinal fluid. At 60%, it represents the largest amount of free amino acids in the body.
The demand for glutamine increases with physical and mental stress. Production of this important amino acid, which takes place in the body, often slows down with age and does not generate sufficient amounts. External supplementation is recommended in such cases.
Glutamine regulates the acid-base balance and makes the skin firm
A supply of essential micronutrients promotes the production of skin cells and slows aging. This is why a balanced diet is a foundation for healthy skin. An unbalanced, unhealthy diet can lead to hyperacidity and the acid-base ratio becoming imbalanced with the consequence that cells and tissues become destroyed.
Glutamine plays a decisive role in keeping a balanced acid-base ratio. Thanks to glutamine, toxic ammonia is separated off in the kidneys and the basic ammonia molecule is connected to acids and is excreted. A further advantage is that bicarbonate which is necessary for the neutralization of acids can be saved.1
A sufficient supply of glutamine is important for the firm and supple skin. If not enough glutamine is available, the body takes the necessary protein from muscle mass and converts it to glutamine and energy. This leads to muscle proteins being lost, muscle strands becoming thinner and the skin becoming generally saggy. This is why glutamine has been referred to as an “internal fountain of youth” by scientists.2
Glutamine strengthens the immune system and is essential for hair growth
Glutamine serves as a nitric oxide and carbon supplier and is also an important element for building and maintaining muscles. The amino acids are necessary for nucleotide synthesis, where cells that divide quickly such as those for the immune system and hair follicles are dependent on this energy source.
Glutamine can combat fat storage
Glutamine can be converted to glucose in the kidneys, without effecting glucagon or insulin levels. Glutamine can combat the storage of fat from food by bypassing fat deposition normally caused by insulin.3 This can be helpful when trying to regulate body weight. There are also indications that glutamine can reduce the demand for sugar and alcohol.2
Other functions of glutamine and glutamic acid
During the synthesis from glutamine to glutamic acids, the brain is protected from the toxic effects of ammonia. This protection against the cell toxin prevents impediments to brain functions and improves long and short term memory.
Patients in states of exhaustion and who have cognitive brain dysfunctions often have a glutamic acid deficiency. Anxiety, tension, sleep disorders, and insomnia and a lack of concentration are all connected to this. Glutamine increases the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GABA is an important neurotransmitter that acts as a lock keeper to slow down the sodium channels between the nerve cells in the brain and is therefore like a natural tranquilizer. If the body has enough glutamine, it can build GABA which can have positive results such as inner calm and tranquility, also in stressful situations, improved concentration levels and a more peaceful and fulfilling sleep.
Other Benefits
Dr. Haas also asserts that the use of HCL, in a supplement form, can be useful for other patients with low acid secretion, such as diabetics. The supplement may also function as an anti-aging supplement as well. HCL production is generally low during times of stress, which can contribute to both external aging, such as wrinkles and age spots; and internal aging, such as periodontal disease and digestive disorders.
Ginger is a powerful anti-inflammatory herb and there has been much recent interest in its use for joint problems. It has also been indicated for arthritis, fevers, headaches, toothaches, coughs, bronchitis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, to ease tendonitis, lower cholesterol and blood-pressure and aid in preventing internal blood clots.
New Research!
Ginger root was recently the subject of a startling new research report presented at The American Association for Cancer Research conference in Phoenix. In the study, ginger actually suppressed cancer cells suggesting that the herb was able to fuel apoptosis or the death of the cancer cells. Ginger has been shown to work against skin, ovarian, colon and breast cancer. But it had not been shown to halt the progression of cancer until now. However, more research is required to confirm this.
This stimulating herb is warming to the system. In her book ’10 Essential Herbs’ author Lalitha Thomas describes the properties: “The major active ingredients in ginger are terpenes (quite similar to the chemical action of turpentine) and an oleo-resin called ginger oil. These two, and other active ingredients in ginger, provide antiseptic, lymph-cleansing, circulation-stimulating, and mild constipation relief qualities along with a potent perspiration-inducing action that is quite effective in cleansing the system of toxins.”
Garcinia
Garcinia Cambogia: In recent years, numerous weight-loss supplements have been introduced in the market. Using research and better understanding of the impact of food on our body, scientists finally have come up with products that can really help people reduce weight in a healthy way. Currently, Garcinia Cambogia is one of the best weight loss supplements prevailing worldwide.
Lately, Garcinia Cambogia is a hot topic everywhere. Also known as Malabar Tamarind, it has emerged to be one of the most popular weight loss products. Although it has been in use since ages as a natural appetite suppressant, recently it is getting all the attention as a miracle weight loss supplement.
Garcinia Cambogia: Natural Weight Loss Remedy
Due to its incredible properties, Garcinia Cambogia acts as a natural fat-burning supplement. The active ingredient in Garcinia is Hydrocitric Acid (HCA), which works in multiple ways to offer numerous health benefits. From reducing the conversion of carbohydrates into fat and facilitating natural burning of excess fat to naturally reducing appetite, it can work wonders to shed off pounds.
How It Works
By blocking the enzyme citrate lyase, HCA prevents carbohydrates from being converted into fats. In addition, it helps convert unused or stored sugar into glycogen, which is a good source of energy. Apart from this, HCA features an amazing property of reducing hunger without affecting the internal body systems. By increasing the serotonin level in the blood, it gives you the feeling of fullness and reduces craving for food. This potential reduction in appetite can itself help a person lose weight.
Besides conversion of fat, hydrocitric acid has the ability to boost metabolic rate, which helps in burning deposited fat in muscles and other body tissues. It further aids in increasing your energy level, which allows you accomplish your daily tasks with ease.
Benefits of Garcinia Supplements on Your Body
Eating a balanced diet and including exercise while taking Garcinia Cambogia is equally important to get quicker and more effective outcomes. This supplement is available in powder and tablet forms, which you can choose as per your convenience.
Tendinitis (tendonitis): Symptoms, Causes and Treatments – Medical …
www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/175596.php
Oct 7, 2015 – Tendinitis, also known as tendonitis, is the inflammation of a tendon. Tendinitis is a type of tendinopathy – a disease of the tendon. Tendinosis is similar to tendinitis, but requires different treatment. Tendinitis refers to larger-scale acute (sudden, short-term) injuries with inflammation
Sun gazing enables one to harmonize and recharge the body with life energy and also invoke
Citrus Bioflavonoids: Citrus fruits are well known for providing ample amounts of vitamin C . But they also supply bioflavonoids, substances that are not required for life but that may improve health. The major bioflavonoids found in citrus fruits are diosmin, hesperidin, rutin, naringin, tangeretin, diosmetin, narirutin, neohesperidin, nobiletin, and quercetin.
It is used to treat diseases of the blood vessels and lymph system, including hemorrhoids , chronic venous insufficiency , leg ulcers, easy bruising , nosebleeds , and lymphedema following breast cancer surgery. Bioflavonoids are effectively used in the treatment of sport injuries as they are pain relieving. They may also be used in relieving pain in the legs, across the back and can lessen the symptoms of prolonged bleeding, a low serum calcium as well as oral herpes.
Lycopene
Lycopene is carotenoid which is present in tomatoes, apricot, pink guava, and watermelon. Lycopene is one of the most potent antioxidants in the diet and Protect your cells from the damaging effects of free radicals. Lycopene help to treat Cancer, especially prostate cancer, mouth cancer.
Zinc
Zinc is a trace mineral that has many roles in the body. It is necessary for a healthy immune system, and is also of use in fighting skin problems such as acne, boils and sore throats. It is further needed for cell division, and is needed by the tissue of the hair, nails and skin to be in top form. Zinc is further used in the growth and maintenance of muscles.
Vitamins and Minerals
Vitamins and minerals boost the immune system, support normal growth and development, and help cells and organs do their jobs.
⇛ Vitamins are essential for the normal growth and development of a multicellular organism.
⇛ Vitamins exerts antioxidant action to fight the free radicals.
⇛ Vitamins possesses positive effect on energy, growth & normal appetite.
⇛ Vitamins are also needed to form red blood cells in bone marrow.
⇛ Minerals boost the immune system & maintains the integrity of myelin of nerves.
⇛ Minerals increases the bone density in post menopausal women.
The Side Effects of Ginseng in Human Health
Now while the health benefits of Ginseng is mostly healthful and promising in most studies done, there are some side effects of Ginseng. In some cases it can prevent nausea and dizziness but yet in others, it can be increase it. It can also cause fatigue and migraine headaches; although it is rare, it’s still a possibility.
You also have to consider that since this is an herbal medicine, there is a greater chance that some people may have allergic reactions. This is true especially when using white and red ginseng. Before you take any of these products, make sure that you do not have an allergic reaction to them.
Also, Ginseng can help lower blood pressure and blood sugar, you can still can run the risk of having anemia low insulin levels.
Conclusion on The Benefits of Ginseng
The benefits of Ginseng out weigh most of the negative side effects in taking this herb. However, before you decide to start taking Ginseng for health benefits, you may want to speak to your doctor first. They can give you advice on if you should take Ginseng and if you do how much you should take.
Also realize that in a lot of cases when taking Ginseng, that you will probably have to change your lifestyle habits as well especially if you are taking them to lower your blood pressure and your sugar levels. Exercise along with better eating habits (and taking Ginseng) working together can also lower your levels as well.
Overall, taking Ginseng for health purposes is basically harmless, just do your homework, see your doctor and be aware of all the side effects that it could have on your health
Cough Syrup Presentation.
This combination of Terbutaline Sulphate, Ambroxol Hydrochloride and Guaiphenesin is an expectorant. Terbutaline is a selective beta2 -adrenergic agonist which predominantly stimulates beta2-receptors, thus producing relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle. Ambroxol possesses mucokinetic (improvement in mucus transport) and secretolytic (liquifies secretions) properties. It promotes the removal of tenacious secretions in the respiratory tract and reduces mucus stasis (arresting the secretion of mucus). Besides that, Ambroxol also exhibits anti-oxidant activity. Guaiphenesin, by increasing respiratory tract fluid, reduces the viscosity of tenacious secretions and acts as an expectorant. Another possible mechanism by which it acts is by increasing the water bonding in the sputum, thereby decreasing its viscosity and leading to an increase in mucokinesis. Guaiphenesin is effective in both productive and nonproductive coughs. Menthol has a cooling effect on the throat. It has been suggested that the benefits of menthol may be due to an effect on calcium channels of sensory nerves.
Indications:
● Productive and unproductive cough
● Cough associated with Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
● Cough due to active and passive smoking
● Allergy
● Asthma
About Composition:
Terbutaline: Terbutaline is a selective beta2 – adrenergic causing bronchodilation; increase in mucociliary clearance; suppression of oedema and anti-allergic effects. The pharmacologic effects of beta-adrenergic agonist drugs, including terbutaline, are at least in part, attributable to stimulation through beta-adrenergic receptors on intracellular adenyl cyclase, the enzyme that catalyses the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic-3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP). Increased cyclic AMP levels are associated with relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and inhibition of release of mediators of immediate hypersensitivity from cells, especially from mast cells.
Ambroxol:
Ambroxol (group of benzilamides) belongs to secretolitical and secretomotoric medicinal products. It possesses expressed expectorant effect. Mechanism of action of the medicinal product is stipulated by stimulation of serous cells of tonsils of bronchial tubes’ mucous membrane, increasing of mucous secretion content and changing of correlation of serous and mucous components of phlegm, breached under pathological processes in lungs. Under this hydrolyzing ferments activate and releasing of lizosoms from Clark’s cells strengthens, that causes decreasing of viscosity of phlegm. Ambroxol increases content of surfactant in lungs, which is dealt with strengthening of synthesis of the last and secretion in alveolar pneumocytes, and also with breach of its disintegration. The medicinal product increases mucociliar transport of phlegm. It suppresses coughing insignificantly. Ambroxol well penetrates through the placenta barrier, improving synthesis of surfactants during uterine life of foetus, and also it has an ability to warn syndrome of insufficient breathing in newborn. The medicinal product does not cause immense creating of secretion, reduces spastic hyperactivity of bronchial tubes- one of the main factors of developing of bronchial asthma under allergy. Ambroxol is more effective, than its predecessor – Bromhexine; it is non-toxic one and well endured by patients. Action of retard form of Ambroxol is kept in 9-10 hours after administration inside.
Guaiphenesin:
Guaiphenesin is thought to exert its pharmacological action by stimulating receptors in the gastric mucosa. This increases the output from secretory glands of the gastrointestinal system and reflexly increases the flow of fluids from glands lining the respiratory tract. The result is an increase in volume and decrease in viscosity of bronchial secretions. Other actions may include stimulating vagal nerve endings in bronchial secretory glands and stimulating certain centres in the brain, which in turn enhance respiratory fluid flow. Guaiphenesin produces its expectorant action within 24 hours.
Menthol:
Menthol has a cooling effect on the throat. It has been suggested that the benefits of menthol may be due to an effect on calcium channels of sensory nerves.
Antibiotics
The effects of the antibiotic drug ceftazidine on Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The antibiotic kills the bacteria (red) by causing the cell wall to disintegrate (yellow remnants).
Antibiotics are chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria and are used to treat bacterial infections. They are produced in nature by soil bacteria and fungi. This gives the microbe an advantage when competing for food and water and other limited resources in a particular habitat, as the antibiotic kills off their competition.
How do antibiotics work
Antibiotics take advantage of the difference between the structure of the bacterial cell and the host’s cell.
They either prevent the bacterial cells from multiplying so that the bacterial population remains the same, allowing the host’s defence mechanism to fight the infection or kill the bacteria, for example stopping the mechanism responsible for building their cell walls.
An antibiotic can also be classified according to the range of pathogens against which it is effective. Penicillin G will destroy only a few species of bacteria and is known as a narrow spectrum antibiotic. Tetracycline is effective against a wide range of organisms and is known as a broad spectrum antibiotic.
Antibiotic resistance
Bacteria are termed drug-resistant when they are no longer inhibited by an antibiotic to which they were previously sensitive. The emergence and spread of antibacterial-resistant bacteria has continued to grow due to both the over-use and misuse of antibiotics.
Treating a patient with antibiotics causes the microbes to adapt or die; this is known as ‘selective pressure’. If a strain of a bacterial species acquires resistance to an antibiotic, it will survive the treatment. As the bacterial cell with acquired resistance multiplies, this resistance is passed on to its offspring. In ideal conditions some bacterial cells can divide every 20 minutes; therefore after only 8 hours in excess of 16 million bacterial cells carrying resistance to that antibiotic could exist.
How is resistance spread?
Antibiotic resistance can either be inherent or acquired. Some bacteria are naturally resistant to some antibiotics due to their physiological characteristics. This is inherent resistance. Acquired resistance occurs when a bacterium that was originally sensitive to an antibiotic develops resistance. For example resistance genes can be transferred from one plasmid to another plasmid or chromosome, or resistance can occur due to a random spontaneous chromosomal mutation.
What are antibiotics?
Antibiotics are a group of medicines that are used to treat infections caused by germs (bacteria and certain parasites). A parasite is a type of germ that needs to live on or in another living being (host). Antibiotics are sometimes called antibacterials or antimicrobials. Antibiotics can be taken by mouth as liquids, tablets, or capsules, or they can be given by injection. Usually, people who need to have an antibiotic by injection are in hospital because they have a severe infection. Antibiotics are also available as creams, ointments, or lotions to apply to the skin to treat certain skin infections.
It is important to remember that antibiotics only work against infections that are caused by bacteria and certain parasites. They do not work against infections that are caused by viruses (for example, the common cold or flu), or fungi (for example, thrush in the mouth or vagina), or fungal infections of the skin.
Occasionally, a viral infection or minor bacterial infection develops into a more serious secondary bacterial infection.
There are various antibiotics available and they come in various different brand names. Antibiotics are usually grouped together based on how they work. Each type of antibiotic only works against certain types of bacteria or parasites. This is why different antibiotics are used to treat different types of infection. The main types of antibiotics include:
As well as the above main types of antibiotics, there are a number of other antibiotics that specialist doctors or hospital doctors may prescribe for more uncommon infections such as tuberculosis (TB).
The rest of this leaflet only discusses antibiotics that your GP may prescribe.
How do antibiotics work?
Some antibiotics work by killing germs (bacteria or the parasite). This is often done by interfering with the structure of the cell wall of the bacterium or parasite. Some work by stopping bacteria or the parasite from multiplying.
When are antibiotics usually prescribed?
Antibiotics are normally only prescribed for more serious infections with germs (bacterial and some parasitic infections).
Most common infections are caused by viruses, when an antibiotic will not be of use. Even if you have a mild bacterial infection, the immune system can clear most bacterial infections. For example, antibiotics usually do little to speed up recovery from bronchitis, or most ear, nose,and throat infections that are caused by bacteria.
So, do not be surprised if a doctor does not recommend an antibiotic for conditions caused by viruses or non-bacterial infections, or even for a mild bacterial infection.
However, you do need antibiotics if you have certain serious infections caused by bacteria such as meningitis or pneumonia. In these situations, antibiotics are often life-saving. When you are ill, doctors are skilled at checking you over to rule out serious illness and to advise if an antibiotic is needed.
Antibiotics can also be prescribed to treat acne – a less serious condition. For acne, antibiotics can be taken by mouth or applied directly to the skin.
Which antibiotic is usually prescribed?
The choice of antibiotic mainly depends on which infection you have and the germ (bacterium or parasite) your doctor thinks is causing your infection. This is because each antibiotic is effective only against certain bacteria and parasites. For example, if you have pneumonia, the doctor knows what kinds of bacteria typically cause most cases of pneumonia. He or she will choose the antibiotic that best combats those kinds of bacteria.
There are other factors that influence the choice of an antibiotic. These include:
Even if you are pregnant or breast-feeding there are a number of antibiotics that are thought to be safe to take.Doctors sometimes choose certain antibiotics if they know there is a certain pattern of infection in your community.
When taking an antibiotic
It is important to take antibiotics in the correct way. If you do not, this may reduce how well they work. For example, some antibiotics need to be taken with food and others should be taken on an empty stomach. If you do not take your antibiotics in the right way it will affect how much of them get into your body (their absorption) and therefore they may not work as well. So, follow the instructions as given by your doctor and on the leaflet that comes with the antibiotic you are prescribed.
Always take the entire course of antibiotics as directed by your doctor. Even though you may feel better before your medicine is entirely gone, follow through and take the entire course. This is important for your healing. If an antibiotic is stopped in mid-course, germs (bacteria) may be partially treated and not completely killed. Bacteria may then become resistant to that antibiotic. Overuse of antibiotics has led to some bacteria changing their form or structure (mutating) and becoming resistant to some antibiotics, which may then not work when really needed. For example, meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that has become resistant to many different antibiotics and is difficult to treat.
What are the possible side-effects?
It is not possible to list all the possible side-effects of each antibiotic in this leaflet. However, as with all medicines, there are a number of side-effects that have been reported with each of the different antibiotics. If you want more information specific to your antibiotic then you should read the information leaflet that comes with the medicine.
Most side-effects of antibiotics are not serious. Common side-effects include soft stools (faeces), diarrhoea, or mild stomach upset such as feeling sick (nausea). Less commonly, some people have an allergic reaction to an antibiotic and some have died from a severe allergic reaction – this is very rare.
Antibiotics can kill off normal defence bacteria which live in the bowel and vagina. This may then allow thrush or other bad bacteria to grow.
You should tell your doctor if you have any of the following side-effects:
Some antibiotics may interact with other medicines that you might take. This may cause reactions, or reduce the effectiveness of one or other of the treatments. So, when you are prescribed an antibiotic you should tell a doctor if you take other medicines.
Oral contraceptive pill
In the past it was recommended that, if you were taking antibiotics and were also taking the pill, you should use additional contraception. This is no longer the current recommendation after more recent evidence has been reviewed. Antibiotics (other than one called rifampicin) do not interfere with the effectiveness of the pill. You should continue taking your pill as normal if you also need to take any antibiotics.
Can I buy antibiotics?
No, they are only available from your chemist, with a doctor’s prescription.
What is the usual length of treatment?
The length of treatment varies a lot. It depends on what kind of infection you have, how severe it is and how quickly you get better after starting treatment. Treatment can be:
Azithromycin: Azithromycin is macrolide antibiotic used to treat or prevent certain bacterial infections, most often those causing middle ear infections, strep throat, pneumonia, typhoid, bronchitis. Azithromycin Superior activity against gram+ve,Gram-ve organism. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.
Azithromycin binds to the 50S subunit of the 70S bacterial ribosomes, and therefore inhibits RNA-dependent protein synthesis in bacterial cells.
Absorption: Following oral administration in humans, azithromycin is widely distributed throughout the body bioavailability is approximately 37%. The time taken to peak plasma levels is 2-3 hours.
Distribution: Pharmacokinetic studies in humans have shown markedly higher azithromycin levels in tissue than in plasma (up to 50 times the maximum observed concentration in plasma) indicating that the drug is heavily tissue bound. Concentrations in target tissues, such as lung, tonsil and prostate exceed the MIC90 for likely pathogens after a single dose.
Elimination: Plasma terminal elimination half-life closely reflects the tissue depletion half-life of 2 to 4 days. Approximately 12% of an intravenously administered dose is excreted in the urine over 3 days as the parent drug, the majority in the first 24 hours. Biliary excretion of azithromycin is a major route of elimination for unchanged drug following oral administration. Very high concentrations of unchanged drug have been found in human bile, together with 10 metabolites, formed by Nand O-demethylation, by hydroxylation of the desosamine and aglycone rings, and by cleavage of the cladinose conjugate. Comparison of HPLC and microbiological assays in tissues suggests that metabolites play no part in the microbiological activity of azithromycin.
Side effects of Amoxycillin are most likely to be minor:
The use of azithromycin is contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to azithromycin, erythromycin, any macrolide or ketolide antibiotic.
From the above discussion, it can be concluded that Azithromycin used to treat Infections of the middle ear, Upper Respiratory Tract Infection, Bronchitis, Pneumonia, Pharyngitis, Sinusitis and Skin or Soft Tissue Infection because azithromycin is macrolide antibiotic and used to treat bacterial infections by binds to the 50S subunit of the 70S bacterial ribosomes, and therefore inhibits RNA-dependent protein synthesis in bacterial cells.
We are making superior quality of Azithromycin Suspension that is used to prevent bacterial infection like Upper Respiratory Tract Infection, Bronchitis, Pneumonia, Pharyngitis, Sinusitis, Skin or Soft Tissue Infection and Infections of the middle ear.
Our offered Suspension is processed using high grade chemical compounds and other required drugs by our experienced quality controllers that ensure its quality, purity and chemical properties. Highly treasured among the clients for its reliability, accurate composition, excellent physical and purity, this Suspension is offered to our esteemed clients at the market leading prices
Rapebrazole is widely utilized to prevent and heal gastrointestinal (stomach and guts) problems,which is caused due to overmuch stomach acid.
Rapebrazole is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), sometimes identified as an ulcer healing drug. This is also very beneficial for inhibiting secretion and gastric from the stomach as well as to treat various acid related gastrointestinal conditions. It heals stomach and intestinal ulcers and manages gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD a condition in which acid rises up from the stomach into the oesophagus [gullet] with symptoms of heartburn, acid regurgitation and pain on swallowing).
Domperidone is a dopamine antagonist with anti-emetic properties. domperidone does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier. Its anti-emetic effect may be due to a combination of peripheral (gastrokinetic) effects and antagonism of dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone, which lies outside the blood-brain barrier in the area postrema. Studies in man have shown oral domperidone to increase lower esophaegeal pressure, improve antroduodenal motility and accelerate gastric emptying. There is no effect on gastric secretion.
Indications and Usage
Gerd, Heart Burn & Hyperacidity, Reflux Oesophagitis, Regurgitation & Flatulance, Gastric & Peptic Ulcer.
Mechanism of Action
Rabeprazole is a partially reversible inhibitor of H+K+ ATPase which is activated in the acidic lumen of the gastric parietal cells. The canalicular membrane of the gastric parietal cells contains the proton pump – H+K+ ATPase enzyme . It exchanges H+ ions for K+ ions using energy generated by the breakdown of ATP to ADP. This enzyme represents the final step for acid production in the stomach. It dissociates more quickly and completely from H+/K+ ATPase than omeprazole.
| Domperidone increases lower esophageal sphincter tone and enhances upper GI motility, thereby preventing reflux of gastric contents into esophagus. |
Rabeprazole inhibits the H+-K+-ATPase enzyme and thereby decreases gastric acid secretion. |
Domperidone, a prokinetic agent, acts on the gastrointestinal activity by acting as a competitive antagonist at dopamine D2 receptors. Dopamine inhibits gastrointestinal motility, reduces gastric and esophageal sphincter tone and inhibits gastroduodenal coordination. This effect of dopamine is inhibited by domperidone effectively as it increases esophageal peristalsis and lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP), increases gastric motility and peristalsis, enhances gastroduodenal co-ordination and consequently facilitates gastric emptying and decreases small bowel transit time. It is also known to act on the chemoreceptor trigger zone, producing an antiemetic activity
Drug Interactions
Rabeprazole:
pH-dependent interactions with digoxin and ketoconazole.
Domperidone:
a). Concomitant administration of anticholinergic drugs may decrease the effect of domperidone.
b). Azole antifungals / macrolide antibiotic, increases plasma levels of domperidone.
Rationale of Combination
Rabeprazole being the fastest acting PPI gives a quick relief from the hyper acid secretory conditions. A significant percentage of GERD patients have delayed gastric emptying10 and hypotensive esophageal sphincter. Domperidone, a prokinetic and anti-emetic improves the LES tone, increases the gastric motility and thus helps in gastric emptying. In GERD patients not responding to Rabeprazole alone, combination of Rabeprazole and Domperidone may be effective.
Pharmacokinetics
Rabeprazole:
Absorption: Rabeprazole sodium is acid labile and formulated as an enteric coated tablet. It is rapidly, dose dependently absorbed after oral administration. Food does not affect the absorption or the peak plasma concentration but delays the time to peak plasma concentration (tmax) by about 1.5 hours. Bioavailability is not influenced by the co-ingestion of either food or antacids. Distribution: Rabeprazole is 97% bound to human plasma proteins.
Metabolism: It undergoes extensive metabolism via nonenzyme metabolism to form major inactive metabolites (a thioether carboxylic acid metabolite and its glucuronide) and also minor metabolism by CYP2C19 and CYP 3 A4 to desmethyl and sulfone metabolites. Rabeprazole does not accumulate significantly during repeated administration.
| tmax | 3.5 hours |
| t1/2 (half life) | 0.7 – 1.5 hours |
| Plasma protein binding | 97% |
| Oral bioavailability | ~52% |
| Excretion | ~90% in urine (metabolites) ~10% in faeces (unchanged) |
Excretion:Approximately 90% of the drug was eliminated in urine, primarily as thioether carboxylic acid; its glucoronise and mercapturic acid metabolites. The remainder of the dose is recovered in the faeces.
Domperidone:
Absorption: Domperidone available in PARIT-D capsules is in the form of controlledrelease pellets, facilitating the use of PARIT-D as once daily dosage. In vitro dissolution test using 0.1 N HCl at 37 ± 5°C demonstrated a release of 15 – 40%, 30 – 60% and 55 – 85% of domperidone from PARIT-D at 1, 4 and 8 hours respectively. The released domperidone is rapidly absorbed following oral administration.26 Systemic bioavailability of oral domperidone is 13 – 17%, probably the result of hepatic first-pass and gut wall metabolism. The half-life is approximately 7.0 hours. Oral bioavailability is decreased by prior administration of cimetidine or sodium bicarbonate.
Distribution: Oral domperidone does not appear to accumulate or to induce its own metabolism; a peak plasma level after 90 minutes of 21 ng/mL after two weeks oral administration of 30 mg per day was almost the same as that of 18 ng/mL after the first dose. Domperidone is 91 – 93% bound to plasma proteins.26 It does not readily cross the blood brain barrier and therefore is not expected to have central effects.22 However, according to animal studies, very low amounts cross the placental barrier and it is excreted in the breast milk.
Metabolism: Oral domperidone does not appear to accumulate or induce its own metabolism. It undergoes rapid and extensive hepatic metabolism by hydroxylation and N-dealkylation. In vitro metabolism experiments with diagnostic inhibitors revealed that CYP3A4 is a major form of cytochrome P-450 involved in the N-dealkylation of domperidone, whereas CYP3A4, CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 are involved in domperidone aromatic hydroxylation.
Elimination: Urinary and faecal excretion amounts to 31 and 66%, respectively, of the oral dose. The proportion of the medicine excreted unchanged is small (10% of faecal excretion and approximately 1% of urinary excretion). The plasma half-life after a single oral dose is 7-9 hours in healthy subjects but is prolonged in patients with severe renal insufficiency.
Side Effects
Generally well tolerated. Most common side effects are somnolence, dizziness, dry mouth and blurring of vision
Amoxicillin is an antibiotic in the penicillin group of drugs.
Amoxicillin is used to treat many different types of infections caused by bacteria, such as ear infections, bladder infections, pneumonia, gonorrhea, and E. coli or salmonella infection.
Amoxicillin works by interfering with the ability of bacteria to form cell walls. The cell walls of bacteria are vital for their survival. They keep unwanted substances from entering their cells and stop the contents of their cells from leaking out. Amoxicillin impairs the bonds that hold the bacterial cell wall together. This allows holes to appear in the cell walls and kills the bacteria.
Clavulanic acid: Clavulanic acid is a β-lactam drug that functions as a mechanism-based β-Lactamase inhibitor. While not effective by itself as an antibiotic, when combined with penicillin-group antibiotics,
What is amoxicillin and clavulanate?
Amoxicillin is an antibiotic that belongs to a group of drugs called penicillins. Amoxicillin fights bacteria in the body.
Clavulanate potassium is a form of clavulanic acid, which is similar to penicillin. Clavulanate potassium fights bacteria that is often resistant to penicillins and other antibiotics.
The combination of amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium is used to treat many different infections caused by bacteria, such as sinusitis, pneumonia, ear infections, bronchitis, urinary tract infections, and infections of the skin.
Major Side Effects
You should check with your doctor immediately if any of these side effects occur when taking amoxicillin / clavulanate:
Less common:
Is cefixime a penicillin?
Side Effects
Side Effects
Paracetamol: Nausea, allergic reactions, skin rashes, acute renal tubular necrosis. Aceclofenac: Diarrhoea, headache, vertigo, dizzies, nervousness, tinnitus, depression, drowsiness, insomnia; fever, angioedema, bronchospasm, rashes; blood dyscrasias. Serrapeptase: Serrapeptase is used for painful conditions including back pain, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, carpel tunnel syndrome, migraine headache, and tension headache.
How does it work?
Serrapeptase helps the body break down protein. This might help decrease inflammation and mucous.
Ferrous ascorbate: Ferrous ascorbate is a synthetic form of iron and vitamin C. Iron is recycled by the body and produce erythroid precursor cells. Exogenous administration of folic acid is essential for normal erythropoiesis process. Folic acid is vital for the biosynthesis of purines and thymidylate of nucleic acids. Defective purine biosynthesis due to folate deficiency leads to megaloblastic anemia and macrocytic anemia.
Pharmacokinetics
Ferrous Ascorbate: After oral administration, the iron is predominantly absorbed in the upper jejunum and duodenum. About 90% of the administered dose is bound to plasma proteins. The iron as ferrous forms binds with transferrin and transported to the spleen, liver and bone marrow. The GI absorption of iron is very low due to systemic recycling of iron. About 1 mg/day of endogenous iron is eliminated in the urine, skin and feces.
Folic acid: Folic acid is rapidly absorbed in the proximal portion of the small intestine. After oral administration, the Cmax can be achieved within one hour. As tetrahydrofolic acid derivative, folic acid is well-distributed in all over the body tissues and stored in hepatic tissues. Folic acid is metabolized in liver into dihydrofolate and tetrahydrofolate forms. About 90% of the administered dose is excreted via the urine.
Fungal Diastase / Pepsin Uses
